Krypton

Latest revision as of 18:37, 4 June 2010

Old World" Hemisphere

"New World" Hemisphere

Krypton, (pronounced Krip'ton) the doomed planet where Superman is born.

The far-distant planet which was the home world of Superman until it exploded into fragments as the result of a cataclysmic chain reaction originating at the planet's core. It was as the doomed planet shuddered and rumbled in its dying moments that the Kryptonian scientist Jor-El and his wife Lara placed their infant son in an experimental rocket ship and launched him into the void, eventually to arrive on the planet Earth and to grow to maturity there as Superman (S No.53/1, Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!; and others)(TGSB).

Overview

Its capital city was Kryptonopolis, where Jor-El, Lara and their infant, Kal-El, lived. In its original depiction, Krypton was shown as being inhabited by a race of super-beings.

In later depictions, Krypton had a super-scientific advanced civilization of non-super beings who only gained their super powers on Earth and/or under a yellow sun.

Among Krypton's natural wonders were the Jewel Mountains, the Scarlet Jungle, the Fire Falls, Gold Volcano and the Rainbow Canyon. Other than Kryptonopolis, major cities on the planet included Kandor and Argo City.

According to legend, Krypton was settled by Kryp and Tonn, two space explorers.

Astronomical and Planetary Details

Krypton was "a planet of giant size" (S No. 146/1, Jul 1961: "The Story of Superman's Life; and others), located somewhere "in the outer reaches of trackless space" (S No. 53/1, Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!"; and others). Described as "an unusual planet," with a "unique atmosphere" and a "tremendous gravitational pull" far greater than that of Earth (S No. 113, May 1957: "The Superman of the Past"; and others). Krypton had a massive uranium core (S No. 53/1) and was occasionally swept by windstorms so violent that the planet's tallest skyscrapers had to be lowered into the ground to prevent their being toppled by the powerful gales (S No. 123, Aug 1958: "The Girl of Steel"; and others).

Although a number of texts seem to place Krypton in the same solar system as that of Earth (WF No. 57, Mar/Apr 1952: "The Artificial Superman!"; and others), somewhere "past Mars, Jupiter and Saturn" (Act No. 182, Jul 1953: "The Return of Planet Krypton!"), the vast preponderance of textual evidence places the planet of Superman’s birth "in a distant solar system" (S No. 137, May 1960: chs. I-III "The Super Brat from Krypton"; "The Young Super-Bully"; "Superman vs. Super-Menace!"; and others), revolving about a red sun (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. 1-3 "Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!"; and others), as distinguished from Earth’s yellow sun, at the rate of approximately one revolution per 1.39 Earth years (S No. 157/1, Nov 1962: "The Super-Revenge of the Phantom Zone Prisoner!")(TGSB).

"Born almost six billion time-cycles ago" (S No. 170/2, Jul 1964: pts. I-II --"If Lex Luthor were Superman's Father!"; "The Wedding of Lara and Luthor!") --six billion time-cycles being the equivalent of approximately 8.3 billion Earth years if one assumes that the term "sun-cycle" and "time-cycle" are synonymous (S No. 157/1, Nov 1962: "The Super-Revenge of the Phantom Zone Prisoner!") --the planet Krypton occupied the same solar system as the planet Thoron (S No. 80/1, Jan/Feb 1953: "Superman's Big Brother!") and was orbited, at various times in its history, by two, three, and perhaps even four natural satellites. When, in November 1960, Superman makes a time-journey to Krypton in the period immediately preceeding its destruction, he romances lovely Lyla Lerrol "under the soft radiance of Krypton's two moons..." (S No. 141,: "Superman's Return to Krypton", pts. I-III); but it is firmly established in the chronicles that the renegade Kryptonian scientist Jax-Ur destroyed one of Krypton's moons [see Wegthor] prior to this period, a heinous crime for which Jax-Ur was banished into the Phantom Zone (Act No. 310, Mar 1964: "Secret of the Kryptonite Six!"; and others), clear evidence that Krypton had three moons - one of which was evidently named Koron (S No. 78/1, Sep/Oct 1952: "The Beast from Krypton!")--in the not-too-distant past. In addition, the planet Xenon, the so-called "twin world of Krypton," was evidently Krypton's fourth moon, sometime in the ancient past, until it "spun out of its orbit and left Krypton forever" (S No. 119, Feb 1958: "The Second Superman!" chs. 1-3).

Although the planet Krypton was much like Earth in a multitude of ways --it is even called Earth's "sister world" in Superman No. 53/1 (Jul/Aug 1958)-- Krypton's atmosphere and solar radiation were substantially different from Earth's (WF No. 57, Mar/Apr 1952: "The Artificial Superman!"; and others), and the weight of its gravity was so much greater that Professor William Enders could move about with only the utmost difficulty when he visited the planet at the behest of Jor-El (S No. 77/1, Jul/Aug 1952: "The Man Who Went to Krypton!"). The distance from Earth to Krypton has never been measured with absolute certainty, but scientist Mel Evans has estimated the "probable distance at 0.317 light years" (S No. 136/2, Apr 1960: "The Secret of Kryptonite!").

Krypton's Natural Wonders

Krypton was a planet of staggering richness and incomparable natural beauty. Among its many scenic wonders were the Fire Falls, a magnificent flaming cataract teeming with "mutant fish" (Act No. 281, Oct 1961: "The Man Who Saved Kal-El’s Life!"; and others); the Gold Volcano, which erupted gold instead of lava (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!"); the Jewel Mountains, whose "fascinating beauty entrance[d] all beholders" (S No. 170/2, Jul 1964: pts. I-II—"If Lex Luthor Was Superman’s Father!"; "The Wedding of Lara and Luthor!"; and others); Meteor Valley, a scenic valley "created by a monstrously gigantic meteor that glanced off the surface" of the planet during Krypton’s prehistoric past, and Rainbow Canyon, a deep natural gorge traversed by a breathtaking rainbow (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!"); the Scarlet Jungle, a "weird wilderness" teeming with red and purple flora (Act No. 310, Mar 1964: "Secret of Kryptonite Six!"; and others); and the Three Sisters of Krypton, a trio of "great fire-geysers" so named because they always erupted simultaneously (WF No. 146, Dec 1964: "Batman, Son of Krypton!" pts. I-II—no title; "The Destroyer of Krypton!").

Other "natural wonders" of Krypton included Shrinkwater Lake, whose waters contained "some strange chemical" that could "shrink ordinary men down to ant size" (Act No. 325, Jun 1965: "The Skyscraper Superman!"); Great Krypton Lake, which was ultimately contaminated by the evil Professor Vakox (Act No. 284, Jan 1962: "The Babe of Steel!"); and the Great Krypton Sea, whose waters were once the home of a highly advanced civilization (S No. 170/2, Jul 1964: pts. I-II—"If Lex Luthor Were Superman’s Father!"; "The Wedding of Lara and Luthor!"). Others of Krypton’s geographical features are enumerated on the map of Krypton that accompanies this article below.

Map of Krypton

Old World Hemisphere, please click on the picture to see the full size version

Old World Hemisphere

• 1. Striped River
• 2. Erkol: The Oldest City of Krypton
• 3. Fungus Caverns
• 4. Boiling Sea
• 5. Ruins of Ancient City of Xan
• 6. Mt. Mudru: The Highest Peak on Krypton
• 7. Glass Forest
• 8. Jerat: The Ghost City
• 9. Vathlo Island: The Home of the Highly Developed Black Race
• 10. Antarctic City: Built Under the Ice

New World Hemisphere, please click on the picture to see the full size version

New World Hemisphere

• 1. Kandor: The Capital City of Krypton until it was stolen by Brainiac
• 2. Kryptonopolis: Superman's Birthplace; Krypton's 2nd Capital
• 3. Undersea Palace
• 4. Fort Rozz: The Main Defense Center
• 5. Atomic Town
• 6. Jewel Mountains
• 7. Rainbow Canyon
• 8. Gold Volcano
• 9. Fire Falls
• 10. Scarlet Jungle
• 11. Meteor Valley
• 12. Argo City: Supergirl's Birthplace
• 13. Bokos: The Independent Island of Thieves
• 14. Magnetic Mountain
• 15. Lost Valley of Juru: Unexplored (No Picture Available)

Krypton’s Animal Life

Krypton’s animal life was exceedingly varied. Indeed, although Kryptonian fauna included a number of animals, such as dogs (See: Krypto) (S No. 146/1, Jul 1961: "The Story of Superman’s Life!"; and others), monkeys (See: Beppo (S No. 173/2, Nov 1964: "Tales of Green Kryptonite No. 1"; and others), and great apes (See: King Krypton, Super-Ape, and Yango) (Act No. 218, Jul 1956: "The Super-Ape from Krypton"; and others), which are also common to Earth, it also included numerous exotic species unique to Krypton, including the "Snagriff", a winged dinosaur-like creature (S No. 78/1, Sep/Oct 1952: "The Beast from Krypton!"); the "Flame Beast," which looked as though it were literally on fire (S No. 123, Aug 1958: chs. I-III—"The Girl of Steel"; "The Lost Super-Powers"; "Superman’s Return to Krypton"); the "Krypton Beast," the "Living Wheel," the "Winged Cat," and the "Balloonie," a large froglike creature that fled danger by inflating itself like a balloon and floating out of harm’s way (S No. 132, Oct 1959: "Superman’s Other Life!" pts. I-III—"Krypton Lives On!"; "Futuro, Super-Hero of Krypton!"; "The Superman of Two Worlds!"); the "Flame Dragon", a gigantic, bat-winged, dragonlike creature that belched flame "from its nostrils and gaping jaws" (S No. 142/3, Jan 1961: "Flame-Dragon from Krypton"; and others); the "Fish-Snake," an eel-like "mutant fish" from Krypton’s Fire Falls whose venomous bite was potentially fatal to humans (Act No. 281, Oct 1961: "The Man Who Saved Kal-El’s Life!"); "Rondors," exceedingly rare creatures whose single large horns emit strange radiations that "could cure many deadly illnesses" (S No. 157/1, Nov 1962: "The Super-Revenge of the Phantom Zone Prisoner!"); the "Drang," a colossal flying snake, purple in color, which had a head like a dinosaur and a single white horn protruding from its forehead (S No. 303, Aug 1963: "The Monster from Krypton!"); the "nightwing" (see Nightwing), a Prussian-blue bird resembling a magpie; the "flamebird" (see Flamebird), a red, yellow, orange, and green bird with a bright red crest; and the "Telepathic Hounds" of Kandor, "strange beasts," yellow in color, with tails like wolves and snouts like wild boars, "that can locate people at any distance by reading their minds to learn where they are" (S No. 158, Jan 1963: "Superman in Kandor" pts. I-III—"Invasion of the Mystery Super-Men!"; "The Dynamic Duo of Kandor!"; "The City of Super-People!"; and others); the "Thought-Beasts," large, primitive, rhinoceros-like creatures, with spiked tails and a single large horn protruding from their snouts, whose most distinctive feature was a televisionlike "thought-screen" atop their head which flashed picture-images of whatever they were thinking; and "a huge Crystal Bird," long since extinct, "which once filled the skies of ancient Krypton" and whose crystalline skeletons, heaped up by the millions, created the beautiful Jewel Mountains (Act No. 310, Mar 1964: "Secret of Kryptonite Six!"); the "Metal-Eating Mole," one specimen of which survives to this day in the Kandor City Zoo (Act No. 242, Jul 1958: "The Super-Duel in Space"); and the "Metal-Eater," sometimes hyphenated and sometimes not, a large metal-eating animal resembling a giant tapir (S No. 132, Oct 1959: "Superman’s Other Life!" pts. I-III—"Krypton Lives On!"; "Futuro, Super-Hero of Krypton!"; "The Superman of Two Worlds!"; see also S No. 146/1, Jul 1961: "The Story of Superman’s Life!"). When Superman makes a time-journey to Krypton in November 1960, he encounters a "Fire-Breathing Space Creature," a pink, leopardlike animal, with a horn like that of a unicorn protruding from its forehead, which "breathes super-powerful flames when angered", on display in a Kryptonian zoo. It is unclear, however, whether this animal is indigenous to Krypton, or whether the Kryptonians merely collected the specimen on some far-distant planet (S No. 141: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!"; see also Act No. 310, Mar 1964: "Secret of Kryptonite Six!").

Kryptonian Flora

Kryptonian flora included the gigantic, maroon, mushroomlike fungi native to the Scarlet Jungle (Act No. 310, Mar 1964: "Secret of Kryptonite Six!"); the gigantic "moving forests," red in color and vaguely humanoid in form, also indigenous to the Scarlet Jungle, which literally advanced across the face of the planet "in their yearly migration," forcing Kryptonians in their path to seek refuge in subterranean tunnels until they had passed (S No. 164, Oct 1963: pts. I-II—"The Showdown Between Luthor and Superman!"; "The Super-Duel!"); and the "singing flowers," which would "softly serenade" guests at Kryptonian dinner parties (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!"; see also S No. 132, Oct 1959: "Superman’s Other Life!" pts. I-III—"Krypton Lives On!"; "Futuro, Super-Hero of Krypton!"; "The Superman of Two Worlds!").

Kryptonian Metals

Krypton’s "strongest metal" was "Kryptium," a "super-metal" described as "harder and stronger than any Earth metal" (Act No. 329, Oct 1965: "The Ultimate Enemy!"). Krypton’s most precious metal was "Boradium" (S No. 78, Sep/Oct 1952: "The Beast from Krypton!"). Gold was so commonplace on Krypton as to be literally worthless (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!").

Civilization

Krypton was "an advanced civilization," with "people of great intelligence and physical perfection!"(S No. 61, Nov/Dec 1949: "Superman Returns to Krypton!"). The planet was apparently divided into a series of separate nations (Act No. 216, May 1956: "The Super-Menace of Metropolis!"), but these nations had long since combined to form a planet-wide union, uniting all Kryptonians under a single flag, a single government, a single constitution (Act No. 328, Sep 1965: "Superman's Hands of Doom!") and a single planet-wide language, Kryptonese (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!").

"Possessed of high intelligence," the people of Krypton "had built a super-scientific civilization far beyond that of Earth..." (S No. 146, Jul 1961: "The Story of Superman's Life!"). Crime was virtually unknown on Krypton (S No. 170, Jul 1964: pts. I-II—"If Lex Luthor were Superman's Father!"; "The Wedding of Lara and Luthor!")) and there had been no war on the planet "for thousands of years" (Act No. 216, May 1956: "The Super-Menace of Metropolis!"). Capital punishment was unknown, and Kryptonians were bound, in all their dealings with each other, by a strict Kryptonian Code of Honor. Indications are that they were a freedom-loving people who would have preferred death to dictatorship (S No. 65, Jul/Aug 1950: "The Three Supermen from Krypton!").

Perhaps one explanation for the comparative lack of strife on Krypton lay in the relative sparseness of the population, for despite the vast size of the planet, its population may have numbered only in the millions (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!").

According to Superman No. 53, Krypton's inhabitants were "humans of high intelligence and magnificent physical perfection..." (Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!") Although several early texts refer to them as Kryptonites (S No. 61, Nov/Dec 1949: "Superman Returns to Krypton!" and others), the vast majority of texts refer to them as Kryptonians, describing them as "a super-scientific, intelligent people" (Act No. 223, Dec 1956: "The First Superman of Krypton!") and as "a great people, physically perfect and of immense intelligence and science!" (Act No. 158, Jul 1951: "The Kid from Krypton!"). On the planet Krypton, explains Action Comics No. 233, even three-year-olds could solve complex mathematical equations (Act No. 223, Dec 1956: "The First Superman of Krypton!").

On the question of exactly how the people of Krypton differed from the people of the planet Earth, however, the texts are inconsistent. Early texts describe the Kryptonians as a "super-race" (S No. 73/2, Nov/Dec 1951: "The Mighty Mite!") who were gifted with X-ray vision and other powers and who were "thousands of eons" ahead of earthlings, both mentally and physically (S No. 53/1, Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!").

"[Clark] Kent had come from a planet," explains Action Comics No. 1, "whose inhabitants’ physical structure was millions of years advanced our own. Upon reaching maturity, the people of his race became gifted with titanic strength!" (Jun 1938).

According to Superman No. 33, ". . . Superman... a native of the ill-fated planet Krypton... is of a different structure than the natives of Earth! Neither his mind nor his body are susceptible to the influence that can overcome other human beings!" (Mar/Apr 1945: "Dimensions of Danger!").

"Where we come from," gloats the Kryptonian villain U-Ban in July-August 1950, "everyone has see-through vision, extra-strength and extra-speed!" (S No. 65/3: "Three Supermen from Krypton!").

Since the early 1950s, however, the texts have described the people of Krypton as more or less ordinary human beings, albeit as the brilliant custodians of a "highly advanced super-scientific civilization" (S No. 150/1, Jan 1962: "The One Minute of Doom!"). Similarly, the super-powers possessed by Superman and other Kryptonian survivors have been explained as deriving from a combination of several factors, such as being free of Krypton’s tremendous gravitational pull, and living under Earth’s yellow sun as opposed to Krypton’s red one, rather than as powers normally possessed by every Kryptonian living on Krypton (see Superman).

Government

The flag of Krypton

The Kryptonian system of government is never clearly described in the chronicles, but it is clear that the scientific establishment commanded wide respect and exerted considerable influence on political and social policy. The Council of Five, a body of distinguished scientists who, if they did not actually govern the planet themselves, obviously carried much weight with those who did, is mentioned in Superman No. 53 and there are numerous references in other texts to the Council (S No. 61, Nov/Dec 1949: "Superman Returns to Krypton!" and others), the Science Council (S No. 113, May 1957: "The Superman of the Past!" and others), and the Council of Scientists (S No. 146, Jul 1961: "The Story of Superman's Life!").

Superman No. 65 makes reference to Krypton's ruling council, which consisted of the planet's ten leading scientists, a clear suggestion that Krypton's leading scientific body governed the planet (S No. 65/3: "Three Supermen from Krypton!"), but Action Comics No. 223 distinguishes between the Council of Science and Krypton's highest officials, suggesting that the Council, while influential, was not really charged with the responsibility of ruling the planet (Act No. 223, Dec 1956: "The First Superman of Krypton!"). Superman No. 154, however, contains a brief reference to a Supreme Council, a title clearly suggestive of supreme political authority (Jul 1962: "Krypton's First Superman!"). All in all, then, it is probably safest to infer that Krypton was ruled by a political body, probably elected, which was counseled and advised by a body of distinguished scientists exercising considerable influence over political decision making (S No. 53/1, Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!"; and others).

The capital of Krypton was the city of Kandor. Several years before Krypton exploded, however, Kandor was reduced to microscopic size and stolen by the space villain Brainiac, and a new world capital was established in the city of Kryptonopolis (Act No. 243, Jul/Aug 1958: "The Lady and the Lion"; and others), the city which would later become Superman's birthplace (Act No. 325, Jun 1965: "The Skyscraper Superman!").

Fluttering from the flagstaff atop the World Capitol Building—which, like the city of Kryptonopolis itself, had been designed by Superman's ancestor Gam-El, the father of modern Kryptonian architecture—was the flag of Krypton, a multicolored banner consisting of pale rays of blue, yellow, lavender, white, green, orange, pink, light green, and red radiating outward from a circular center featuring a green and pale blue design suggestive of a body of water all but encircled by lush green land (Act No. 246, Nov 1958: "Krypton on Earth!"; and others).

Maintaining public order was the role of the Krypton Security Force (S No. 170, Jul 1964: pts I-II—"If Lex Luthor were Superman's Father!"; "The Wedding of Lara and Luthor!"), while the task of maintaining internal security and apprehending criminals was entrusted to the Krypton Bureau of Investigation (S No. 123, Aug 1958: pts. I-III—"The Girl of Steel!"; The Lost Super-Powers!"; "Superman's Return to Krypton!").

Crime was only a minor problem on Krypton. Indeed, the research of the Kryptonian scientist Raf Arlo had established that most of the crimes on the planet "were perpetrated by an unknown race of invisible people" (S No. 170, Jul 1964: pts I-II—"If Lex Luthor were Superman's Father!"; "The Wedding of Lara and Luthor!"). When malefactors were apprehended, they were placed on trial in Kryptonian courtrooms where verdicts were handed down by Kryptonian justice councils, deliberate bodies analogous to American juries (S No. 157/1, Nov 1962: "The Super-Revenge of the Phantom Zone Prisoner!").

Because Kryptonians were opposed to capital punishment, and, in fact, had never in their history practiced it, the perpetrators of serious crimes were exiled into space in a state of suspended animation inside space capsules constructed specially for the purpose. According to Superman No. 65, the space capsules were made of transparent plastic and shaped like rocket ships (S No. 65, Jul/Aug 1950: "The Three Supermen from Krypton!"), but according to Superman No. 123, the so-called "prison satellites" were of a spherical shape. The criminals imprisoned inside them were placed in suspended animation by means of a special sleep gas, and chunks of a glowing crystalline mineral—capable of cleansing their brains of criminal tendencies in a hundred years' time—were placed on their foreheads so that ultimately, once their sentence was served, they might take up constructive roles in Kryptonian society (S No. 123, Aug 1958: pts. I-III—"The Girl of Steel!"; The Lost Super-Powers!"; "Superman's Return to Krypton!").

The practice of exiling criminals into outer space was terminated, however, after Superman's father, Jor-El, discovered the Phantom Zone, a twilight dimension to which criminals could be banished to serve out their sentences as disembodied wraiths (Act No. 284, Jan 1962: "The Babe of Steel!"; and others).

One of the most important government departments was the Krypton Record Bureau, where complete records of every Kryptonian's life were maintained on ingenious thought-projection discs. According to Action Comics No. 149, such important events as courtship and marriage were recorded astro-electricly, from each person's memory.

"By concentrating on one of those discs, in a darkened room, anybody could cause a complete image of remembered events to appear!" (Oct 1950: "The Courtship of Krypton!").

Science and Technology

Scientifically and technologically, Kryptonian civilization was far advanced over that of Earth. Although the science of space travel was still in its infancy and true spaceships did not yet exist (S No. 123, Aug 1958: pts. I-III—"The Girl of Steel!"; The Lost Super-Powers!"; "Superman's Return to Krypton!"; and others), Kryptonian scientists - most notably Jor-El—had experimented with both manned (Act No. 238: "The Super-Gorilla from Krypton") and unmanned (S No. 119, Feb 1958: "The Second Superman!" chs. I-III) satellites and had launched monkeys (Act No. 218, Jul 1956 "The Super-Ape from Krypton!"), at least one dog (S No. 146/1, Jul 1961: "The Story of Superman’s Life!"), and perhaps other test animals into outer space in small experimental rockets.

Technology was extremely well-developed, the knowledge behind the planet's transportation systems, city operations, and robotic services (for example, Fire Fighting Robots) was astounding. The mere fact that Kryptonians were able to construct a duplicate world in space and populate it with androids and booby-traps suggests an incredible ability (S No. 189, Aug 1966: "Krypton Lives Again!" "Krypton's Second Doom!") .

Astronomy on Krypton was highly advanced, enabling Kryptonian scientists to study Earth and presumably other planets with excruciating clarity by means of "super-powerful telescopes", even to the extent of being able to tune in on selected alien individuals and monitor and translate their private conversations (S No. 141: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!"; and others).

Pure Kryptonian scientific research is not as thoroughly documented in the chronicles as the feats of technology and engineering. Some of the great science feats included Jor-El's discovery of the Phantom Zone and his geophysical observations of the planet's core and its ultimate instability. Nevertheless, the role of all the sciences must have been well-respected, given the influence of the Council of Science on planetary politics. Medicine was probably at a higher level than that of Earth, though some disease still was best treated by the little-understood powers of the horns of Rondors (S No 157/1, Nov 1962: "The Super-Revenge of the Phantom Zone Prisoners!").

Travel

Despite the lack of spaceships for interplanetary travel, transportation on Krypton was highly developed. People voyaged about the planet aboard sleek, rocketlike airships, or flitted about Krypton's picturesque metropolises—such as Kandor, Kryptonopolis, and Argo City—in bubble-topped jet-taxis or by means of jetlike devices called solo-rocket tubes which, strapped to an individual's back, enabled him or her to fly through the air.

While not space travelers as people, the scientist Jor-El and his colleagues were able to construct a duplicate planet by accumulated meteorites and fashion this artificial satellite into an exact replica of Krypton in order to protect their own world from suspected invaders (see Krypton-II).

Travel underwater was by means of a small rocket-powered craft known as an aqua-cone, and virtually every Kryptonian family owned its own "Jor-El," an all-purpose, mass-produced vehicle, invented by Superman's father, which could travel on land, sea, or air, and even underground.

Daily Life

Sophisticated weather control towers enabled the people of Krypton to purify their air and control their weather, while an advanced solar energy tower enabled them to store and utilize the solar energy emanating from their planet's red sun. In homes that were apparently heated by atomic power, Kryptonian families entertained themselves by watching 3-D TV while, outside in the streets, other Kryptonians moved along the city's moving sidewalks, gazing at the public news monitor—a billboard sized color-TV screen—to keep abreast of current events, watching other Kryptonians queuing up for emotion-movies, or visiting the incredible Mind-Art Center, where, by means of a complex apparatus called a "mento-ray," designed to freeze the artist's mental pictures on canvas, Kryptonian artists created art masterpieces by merely envisioning them in their minds.

Man-made landmarks and places of interest on Krypton included:

The Hall of Worlds, containing replica scenes of strange planets in faraway solar systems that Kryptonians had observed via super-space telescope;

The Red Tower of Kryptonopolis, one of Krypton's great architectural landmarks;

The Grotto of Images, a huge chamber of mirrors that is said to magnify the love of sweethearts who visit by as many times as there are reflections;

Krypton's famous Floating City, a city of approximately 1,000,000 inhabitants floating on the surface of a river atop gigantic pontoons;

The Cloud Castle, a vaporous confection of turrets and bridges where it is said "only lovers may enter";

The Cosmic Clock, a gigantic timepiece, measuring time in billions of years, which showed how Krypton was born almost six billion time-cycles ago and which, tragically, lulled the people of Krypton into a false sense of complacency concerning the future of their planet by predicting, incorrectly, that Krypton would remain safe from all harm for endless years into the future.

The most important Kryptonian literary achievement was the Kryptoniad, a great epic chronicling the struggle of ancient Kryptonians to transform their planet into a civilized world.

On Krypton, robots performed all hard labor and could be bought at small cost. Heavy construction work was accomplished by means of sophisticated building machines.

Although Kryptonians had at least one serious disease, Virus X, for which there was no known cure, childhood diseases were not a problem: filing through a health cabinet on their first day of school, Kryptonian children were immunized against all childhood diseases by means of an ingenious microbe ray. Injuries were apparently not a problem either, as even potentially fatal wounds could be healed almost instantaneously by means of a miraculous healing ray employed by Kryptonian surgeons.

In Kryptonian schools, lessons were taught with the aid of sophisticated telepathy helmets which enabled teachers to transmit knowledge to their pupils telepathically at phenomenal speed. The treatment of psychological problems—as well as the investigation of misconduct of all kinds—was facilitated by an ingenious mind-reading device known as a mind prober machine, and mental retardation had all but ceased to be a problem thanks to the pioneering work of scientist Lon Gorg, whose supra-psyche treatments successfully transformed morons into geniuses.

When an Kryptonian male comes of age at twelve, he is generally expected to take special manhood classes that teach practical skills such as first aid and wilderness survival under the tutelage of a citizen-trainer. Upon completion, the male is given his own headband which is the mark of a mature male citizen of Krypton. While it is not mandatory to take such training, one who refuses it, Kar-Lu, later learns how invaluable it is in times of danger and agrees to learn it to the citizen-trainer's satisfaction. It is not known if female Kryptonians go through a similiar training (S No. 352, Oct 1980: "The Mark of a Citizen").

Historically, famine apparently had afflicted certain areas of Krypton, but an amazing growth ray for plants, invented by Superman's father and capable of growing vegetables 100 times bigger than their normal size, promised to end the problem of hunger forever within a very short time.

Family Names

In Kryptonian society, descent and inheritance were patroclinous. The names of most—but by no means all—Kryptonian males were duosyllabic, with the first syllable being the given name, the second the surname. Thus, Jor-El was the brother of Zor-El and the father of Kal-El, Kal-El being Superman's Kryptonian name (Act No. 252, May 1959: "The Supergirl from Krypton"; and others). Than-Ar was the brother of Jhan-Ar (WF No. 143, Aug 1964: "The Feud Between Batman and Superman!" pts. I-III--no title; "The Manhunters from Earth!"), and Mag-En was the father of Ral-En (S No. 154/2, Jul 1962: "Krypton's First Superman"). Sometimes first and last names were linked by a hyphen (e.g., Jor-El, Quex-Ul, Mag-En, Dru-Zod). Just as often, however, they were not (e.g., Val Arn, Khai Zor, Than Ol). And some names, it must be noted, appear to have defied the system entirely (e.g., Mala, Kizo).

Many of the most revered figures in Kryptonian history were members of the so-called House of El and were, therefore, ancestors of Superman. Among them were Val-El, who launched his planet's Age of Exploration and discovered islands and continents; Sul-El, who invented Krypton's first telescope and charted many far off stars, including Earth's sun; Tala-El, a great lawyer and statesman who authored Krypton's planet-wide constitution; and Hatu-El, who discovered the nature of electricity, proved that lightning was electrical, and invented Krypton's first electric motor.

Each female child on Krypton was given a special feminine first name (e.g., Kara, Lara, Joenne), which, when followed by her father's name, formed her own full name, so that Kara Zor-El, for example, was Kara, the daughter of Zor-El. When a woman married, she dropped her father's name and assumed her husband's: when Lara married Jor-El, for example, she became Lara Jor-El, or, more formally, Mrs. Jor-El (S No. 179/2, Aug 1965: "The Menace of Gold Kryptonite!"; and others).

Tradition

Weddings took place in the Palace of Marriage (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman's Return to Krypton!"), with the betrothed couple mounting the Jewel of Honor (S No. 170/2, Jul 1964: "If Lex Luthor was Superman's Father"), or Jewel of Truth and Honor (S No. 179/2, Aug 1965: "The Menace of Gold Kryptonite")—a low pedestal carved from a single, huge, multifaceted jewel —and exchanging vows, accompanied either by an exchange of wedding rings or by the donning of marriage bracelets of a color variation all their own, which no other couple was allowed to duplicate. In accordance with an old Kryptonian custom, statues of the parents of both the bride and the groom adorned the wedding hall. According to the Supergirl story in Action Comics No. 289, marriage between cousins was prohibited on Krypton (Jun 1962: "Superman's Super-Courtship").

Although the Kryptonians were, by and large, an intellectually sophisticated people, they were not without their superstitions. According to Superman No. 164/2, which enumerates four Kryptonian superstitions, it was considered bad luck for a bride to wear jewels from the Jewel Mountains at her wedding; the killing of birds was regarded as extremely unlucky, hence the absence of bird hunting on Krypton; an old Kryptonian belief dictated that upon seeing a comet, a person must hide in a cave for 24 hours or he'd die; and Kryptonian criminals believed that if they experienced failure, drawing a picture of a Kryptonian mythological creature known as a "one-eyed grompus" would cause Krypton's demons to bring them good luck (Oct 1963: "The Fugitive from the Phantom Zone!").

A holiday of great importance on Krypton was the Day of Truth, celebrated annually, on which Kryptonians spoke nothing but the truth to one another—even though the truth might be abrasive and undiplomatic—in order to honor the memory of Val-Lor, a valiant Kryptonian of ancient times, who, by courageously speaking out against the ruthless swarm of alien invaders—known as Vrangs—who had invaded Krypton and enslaved its people, inspired his fellow Kryptonians to revolt against the Vrangs and drive them from Krypton, albeit at the cost of his own life. The Day of Truth is still celebrated each April in the bottle city of Kandor (S No. 176/3, Apr 1965: "Superman's Day of Truth!").

Religion

Although Krypton was an advanced scientific civilization, it was originally a religious society made up of conflicting faiths. Initially a grouping of polytheistic states, Krypton eventually transformed itself into a united, essentially secular state. Ultimately, the vestiges of Krypton's religious past survive in the small number of mild oaths and observed traditions practiced by Superman and his extended family.

Chief among the ancient Kryptonian deities was Rao, god of the sun.

Yuda was the goddess of love and also of Krypton's two moons (KC No. 3, Nov 1981: "The Race to Overtake the Past").

When Supergirl visits her family in the Bottle City of Kandor, she encounters three statues on the "Boulevard of Legendary Heroes" bearing the likeness of "mythical gods of ancient Krypton". These are Telle, god of wisdom; Mordo, god of strength; and Lorra, goddess of beauty (Act No. 299, Apr 1963: "The Fantastic Secret of Superbaby II"). According to Supergirl, Lorra is the "image of Lyla, the girl Superman fell in love with when he made a time-journey into the past and visited Krypton". [see Lyla Lerrol]

In addition to the ancient worship of these deities, Kryptonians also practice a form of ancestor worship. In October 1963, Superboy discovers five statues of his ancestors which he is required to manipulate as part of the Father-Son test, a ritual of Kryptonian Father's Day. Similar statues are kept in the family crypts of all Kryptonians (Adv No. 313, Oct 1963: "Father's Day on Planet Krypton"). These same statues are encountered again when Superman and Supergirl engage in some research into the House of El for a TV miniseries on WGBS (KC No. 1, Sep 1981: "The Search for Superman's Roots").

Both Superman and Supergirl honour their ancestors through similar displays in the Fortress of Solitude.

Krypton's Day of Doom

By the time Krypton’s day of doom arrived, Kryptonian civilization was 10,000 years old (Act No. 223, Dec 1956: "The First Superman of Krypton"). Action Comics No. 1 observes only that Superman’s home planet "was destroyed by old age" (Jun 1938), but Action Comics No. 182 explains, with far greater accuracy, that Krypton's destruction was caused by "gathering atomic pressure at the core of the planet!" (Jul 1953: "The Return of Planet Krypton!").

Jor-El had correctly predicted that the end was coming, but he had been unable either to prevent its occurrence or to persuade the scientific community to adopt his proposal for the construction of a fleet of "rocket-driven space arks" to enable Krypton’s population to flee the coming cataclysm (S No. 146/1, Jul 1961: "The Story of Superman’s Life!"; and others).

"...[T]he core of Krypton," Jor-El had warned, "is composed of a substance called uranium...which, for untold ages, has been setting up a cycle of chain-impulses, building in power every moment! Soon. very soon...every atom of Krypton will explode in one final terrible blast!...Krypton is one gigantic atomic bomb!" (S No. 53/1, Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!").

But the people of Krypton would not believe Jor-El, not even when the quakes began, not even when "a rumble of mighty forces" erupted from deep inside Krypton that shook the home of every Kryptonian (Act No. 158, Jul 1951: "The Kid from Krypton!"; and others).

And then finally, on a fateful day either in December (WF No. 146, Dec 1964: "Batman, Son of Krypton!" pts. I-II—no title; "The Destroyer of Krypton!") or in January (S No. 150/1, Jan 1962: "The One Minute of Doom!"), "the rumblings inside Krypton became a roar and the planet shook wildly!" (Act No. 158, Jul 1951: "The Kid from Krypton!"). As the edifices of a once-proud civilization collapsed like building blocks amid choking clouds of dense black smoke, "nature’s fury gathered for one final cataclysmic eruption" and "the once mighty planet Krypton exploded into stardust!" (S No. 53/1, Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!").

Animated Max Fleischer Cataclysm

The titanic interstellar explosion that destroyed Krypton transformed the hurtling remnants of the shattered planet into Kryptonite, a glowing, green, radioactive substance which is toxic, and potentially fatal, to all Kryptonian survivors (S No. 150/1, Jan 1962: "The One Minute of Doom!"; and many others). "When Krypton exploded," explains Superman No. 61/3, "all the atomic elements fused to become one deadly compound! That compound gives off rays which apparently can only affect Kryptonites...!" (Nov/Dec 1949: "Superman Returns to Krypton!").

Krypton's Survivors

Superman remains the most famous survivor of the cataclysm that destroyed Krypton, but over the years the texts have revealed the existence of a great many others, including Krypto The Superdog (S No. 130/1; Jul 1959: "The Curse of Kryptonite!"; and others) and Beppo The Super-Monkey (Act No. 309, Feb 1964: "The Superman Super-Spectacular!"; and others); the people of Kandor (Act No. 242, Jul 1958: "The Super-Duel in Space!"; and others) and the inhabitants of the Phantom Zone (Act No. 284, Jan 1962: "The Babe of Steel!"; and others); Mala and his brothers, Kizo and U-Ban (S No. 65/3, Jul/Aug 1950: "Three Supermen from Krypton!"; Act No. 194, Jul 1954: "The Outlaws from Krypton!"); the "snagriff" that runs amok on Earth in September-October 1952 (S No. 78/1: "The Beast from Krypton!"); Super-Ape and the other experimental apes launched into outer space by the Kryptonian scientist Shir Kan (Act No. 218, Jul 1956: "The Super-Ape from Krypton"); King Krypton, whom Superman encounters in March 1958 (Act No. 238: "The Super-Gorilla from Krypton"); the Kryptonian Super Caveman who arrives on Earth in a state of suspended animation in June 1959 (see Jo-Jo Groff) (WF No. 102: "The Caveman from Krypton!"); and the "flame dragon" that runs amok on Earth in January 1961 (S No. 142/3: "Flame-Dragon from Krypton"), and the offspring, hatched from one of its eggs, that menaces Earth in February 1962 (S No. 151/3: "Superman’s Greatest Secret!"). The inhabitants of Argo City survived for more than fifteen years following the death of Krypton after their city had been hurled into outer space by the force of the cataclysm. Virtually the entire population, however, ultimately succumbed to kryptonite poisoning, the only survivors of the calamity apparently having been Supergirl. and her parents, Zor-El and Alura (S No. 150/1, Jan 1962: "The One Minute of Doom!"; and others).

Far from perished Krypton, in the alien environment of Earth, any Kryptonian survivor acquires mighty super-powers—including X-ray vision, invulnerability, super-strength, and the power of flight, and all things Kryptonian become indestructible (Act No. 310, Mar 1964: "Secret of Kryptonite Six!"; and many others). In Jor-El’s words, "...Krypton is such an unusual planet that when a native Kryptonian is elsewhere, free of Krypton’s unique atmosphere and tremendous gravitational pull, he becomes a superman!" (S No. 113, May 1957: Pts. I-III—"The Superman of the Past"; "The Secret of the Towers"; "The Superman of the Present").

The relative physical strength of two Kryptonian survivors on Earth appears to be proportional to what it was—or would have been—on Krypton, so that a Kryptonian gorilla on Earth is more powerful than Superman, just as an ordinary Kryptonian gorilla would have been more powerful than an ordinary Kryptonian man (Act No. 218, Jul 1956: "The Super-Ape from Krypton"; and others).

Of course the vast majority of Kryptonians perished with their planet, but a number of these have nevertheless played important roles in the chronicles, among them Jor-El and his wife Lara (S No. 53/1, Jul/Aug 1948: "The Origin of Superman!"; and many others); lovely "emotion-movie actress" Lyla Lerrol (S No. 141, Nov 1960: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" Pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!"; and others); and "famous psychologist" Mag-En and his unscrupulous son Ral-En (S No. 154/2, Jul 1962: "Krypton’s First Superman!"). According to Action Comics No. 243, the legendary enchantress Circe was herself a native of the planet Krypton (Aug 1958: "The Lady and the Lion").

Krypton Historians

"The famous lost world of Krypton is of intense interest to everyone on Earth, for that great planet was the birthplace of mighty Superman!" (Act No. 223, Dec 1956: "The First Superman of Krypton").

Dr. Charles Corlin, the father of Vance Corlin, discovered the planet Krypton sometime prior to its destruction and made an extensive spectroscopic analysis of its gravity, atmosphere, and solar radiation (WF No. 57, Mar/Apr 1952: "The Artificial Superman!").

Professor William Enders, author of The Planet Krypton, observed Krypton through his telescope, communicated with Jor-El by radio, and even journeyed to Krypton via "matter-radio" (S No. 77/1, Jul/Aug 1952: "The Man Who Went to Krypton!"), as did another scientist, Professor Amos Dunn (Act No. 281, Oct 1961: "The Man Who Saved Kal-El’s Life!").

"Brilliant young college teacher" Mel Evans, who has since become a "renowned scientist," calculated the "probable distance from Earth to Krypton" at 0.317 light years (S No. 136/2, Apr 1960: "The Secret of Kryptonite!").

Dr. Thomas Ellison carried on an extensive study of Krypton by means of a "monitor-type telescope" of "unprecedented power." When Ellison learned that Krypton faced imminent extinction due to an atomic chain-reaction building up within the core of the planet, he beamed an "atomic-neutralizing ray" at the distant world in hopes of neutralizing the atomic reaction and thereby averting the cataclysm, but Krypton exploded anyway, in spite of his efforts (WF No. 146, Dec 1964: "Batman, Son of Krypton!" pts. I-II—no title; "The Destroyer of Krypton!").

In addition, Superman has made an extensive study of his home planet "by overtaking and photographing light rays that had left Krypton before it exploded" (S No. 132, Oct 1959: "Superman’s Other Life!" Pts. I-III— "Krypton Lives On!"; "Futuro: Super-Hero of Krypton!"; "The Superman of Two Worlds!"; and others). He has donated exhaustive notes on the Kryptonese language to Metropolis University (Act No. 329, Oct 1965: "The Ultimate Enemy!").

Superman has memorialized the lost world of Krypton in other ways as well: he has set aside an entire Krypton Room in his Fortress of Solitude, complete with an exact scale model of Krypton (Act No. 278, Jul 1961: "The Super Powers of Perry White!") and a "3-dimensional tableau of the exact moment that the planet Krypton exploded!" (Act No. 261, Feb 1960: "Superman’s Fortress of Solitude!"), and with the aid of Supergirl and Krypto the Superdog, he has transformed an uninhabited planet in a "distant solar system" into an exact duplicate of Krypton, a so-called "memorial planet" inhabited by android duplicates of the entire Kryptonian population (S No. 150/1, Jan 1962: "The One Minute of Doom!"). (See Krypton-II) A statue of Superman holding aloft a globe of Krypton adorns the grounds of Metropolis's Superman Museum (S No. 169/1, May 1964: "The Infernal Imp!"). The "anniversary of the destruction of Krypton" is commemorated annually by the people of Kandor and all the remaining Kryptonian survivors (S No. 150/1, Jan 1962: "The One Minute of Doom!"; see also WF No. 146, Dec 1964: "Batman, Son of Krypton!" Pts. I-II—no title; "The Destroyer of Krypton!").

The Texts

In June 1938, in the premiere text of the Superman chronicles, Superman’s home planet is referred to only as "a distant planet [that] was destroyed by old age," and its actual name is never stated (Act No. 1).

In Summer 1939, the planet of Superman’s birth is referred to by name, as Krypton, for the first time in the chronicles (S No. 1).

In July-August 1948, the causes of Krypton’s destruction and the events leading up to it are recounted in detail for the first time in the chronicles (S No. 53/1: "The Origin of Superman!").

In November-December 1949, Superman journeys through the time-space barrier to the planet Krypton and actually witnesses the cataclysm that destroyed his native planet (S No. 61/3: "Superman Returns to Krypton!").

In July-August 1950, Superman battles three evil Kryptonian survivors: Mala and his brothers Kizo and U-Ban (S No. 65/3: "Three Supermen from Krypton!").

In October 1950, three Kryptonian "thought-projection discs" containing a detailed account of the courtship of Superman’s parents, which have been whirling about in space since the explosion of Krypton, are returned to Earth by a U.S. experimental rocket and retrieved by the ever-curious Lois Lane (Act No. 149: "The Courtship on Krypton!"). (See also Lara.)

In January-February 1952, a vault containing some of Jor-El’s greatest inventions, which had been hurled into outer space by the force of the cataclysm that destroyed Krypton, is drawn to Earth by a "magnet-ray machine" devised by the diabolical Lex Luthor (S No. 74/1: "The Lost Secrets of Krypton!").

In September-October 1952, a Kryptonian "snagriff" runs amok on the planet Earth (S No. 78/1: "The Beast from Krypton!").

In March-April 1954, on the site where the rocket carrying the infant Superman landed upon its arrival on Earth, Superman finds his father’s last will and testament, a thin sheet of super-hard metal inscribed with detailed descriptions of three of Joe-El’s greatest inventions (WF No. 69: "Jor-El’s Last Will!").

In July 1954, Superman battles the same three evil Kryptonian survivors whom he fought four years previously, viz., Mala and his brothers Kizo and U-Ban (Act No. 194: "The Outlaws from Krypton!").

In December 1955, the town of Smallville holds a celebration marking the anniversary of Superman’s arrival on Earth from the planet Krypton (Act No. 211: "The Superman Spectaculars"). The precise month when the infant Superman actually arrived on Earth is impossible to determine, however, because the anniversary of the event is also commemorated, in a later text, in June 1958 (Act No. 241: "The Super-Key to Fort Superman").

In January 1956, in outer space, Superman locales the tiny fragment of the exploded planet Krypton that contains, still intact, the family home he shared with his parents, Jor-El and Lara (Act No. 212: "The Superman Calendar").

In May 1956, the city of Metropolis is besieged by an armada of colossal "war weapons" hurled into outer space years ago by the explosion that destroyed Krypton (Act No. 216: "The Super-Menace of Metropolis").

In June 1956, Superman encounters an infant who has become temporarily endowed with super-powers as the result of having ingested some "condensed food" from the planet Krypton (Act No. 217: "The Amazing Super-Baby"). (See Roger Bliss )

In July 1956, Superman encounters Super-Ape, a Kryptonian survivor (Act No. 218: "The “Super-Ape from Krypton!").

In December 1956, "far out in space," Superman comes upon "a mass of cosmic wreckage" from the doomed planet Krypton, including Jor-El’s journal and laboratory desk, and some films which Jor-El made of himself using "automatic cameras" (Act No. 223: "The First Superman of Krypton").

In May 1957, Superman recovers a Kryptonian "mind-tape" dictated by Jor-El, and a helmet-like apparatus for playing it back—after the objects have fallen to Earth embedded in a kryptonite meteor (S No. 113: Pts. I-III—"The Superman of the Past"; "The Secret of the Towers"; "The Superman of the Present"). (See Queen Latora)

In February 1958, Superman views dramatic film footage chronicling the death of Krypton after successfully recovering, far out in interstellar space, an unmanned camera, carried by a space satellite that had been sent aloft by Kryptonian scientists prior to their planet’s destruction. During this same period, Superman rescues the planet Xenon, evidently once a moon of Krypton, from suffering the same fate that befell its native planet (S No. 119: "The Second Superman!" Pts. I-III—"The World That Was Krypton’s Twin"; "A Double for Superman"; "Superman’s Mightiest Quest").

In March 1958, Superman meets King Krypton, a Kryptonian survivor (Act No. 238: "The Super-Gorilla from Krypton!").

In July 1958, Superman discovers that the Kryptonian city of Kandor survived the cataclysm that destroyed the planet as the result of having been stolen prior to the disaster by the space villain Brainiac (Act No. 242: "The Super-Duel in Space!").

In August 1958, Superman journeys through the time-space barrier to Krypton at a time predating the marriage of his parents (see Kil-Lor) (S No. 123: Pts. I-III—"The Girl of Steel"; "The Lost Super-Powers"; "Superman’s Return to Krypton"). During this same period, Superman encounters Circe, a descendant of the legendary enchantress of the same name, who, according to this text, was a native of Krypton (Act No. 243, Aug 1958: "The Lady and the Lion").

In May 1959, Action Comics No. 252/2 recounts the first meeting between Superman and Supergirl, the teen-aged offspring of two Kryptonian survivors ("The Supergirl from Krypton!").

In June 1959, Superman encounters a Kryptonian caveman who arrives on Earth in a state of suspended animation (WF No. 102: "The Caveman from Krypton!"). (See Jo-Jo Groff and Super Caveman)

In November 1960, Superman journeys through the time-space barrier to Krypton on the day of his parents’ wedding and remains on the planet for what is probably several weeks thereafter, during which time he pursues a passionate romance with lovely actress Lyla Lerrol (S No. 141: "Superman’s Return to Krypton!" Pts. I-III—"Superman Meets Jor-El and Lara Again!"; "Superman’s Kryptonian Romance!"; "The Surprise of Fate!").

In January 1961, Earth is menaced by a fearsome Kryptonian "Flame Dragon" (S No. 142/3: "Flame-Dragon from Krypton")

In February 1962, Earth is menaced by a second Kryptonian Flame Dragon, the offspring of the creature that Superman battled thirteen months previously (S No. 151/3: "Superman’s Greatest Secret!").

In July 1962, Superman struggles to overcome the compulsion to obey the sinister "hypnotic command" implanted in his unconscious mind while he was still an infant by the Kryptonian psychologist Mag-En (S No. 154/2: "Krypton’s First Superman!").

In October 1962, when Superman is believed to be dying as the result of exposure to Virus X, an incurable Kryptonian malady, Supergirl journeys through the time-space barrier to Krypton in the faint hope that Kryptonian scientists may have found a cure for the virus before their planet exploded. Krypton’s scientists never did perfect a cure for Virus X and thus Supergirl’s mission ends in failure, but Superman turns out to be suffering only from exposure to a nugget of Green Kryptonite, and he recovers his health fully as soon as the kryptonite is removed from his presence (S No. 156: "The Last Days of Superman!")

In November 1962, Superman journeys through the time-space barrier to Krypton to verify his hunch that the Kryptonian scientist Quex-Ul may have been innocent of the crime of which he was convicted by a Kryptonian court and for which he was sentenced to a term in the Phantom Zone (S No. 157/1: "The Super-Revenge of the Phantom Zone Prisoner!").

In August 1963, exposure to Red Kryptonite temporarily transforms Superman into a fearsome Kryptonian "Drang," a colossal flying snake, purple in color, with a head like a dinosaur and a single white horn protruding from its forehead. Unaware that the hideous monster is actually Superman, but fully aware that it is Kryptonian and therefore vulnerable to kryptonite, the U.S. Armed Forces are on the verge of destroying it with kryptonite bullets when finally, with some crucial assistance from Supergirl, Superman succeeds in alerting his attackers to his true identity and in getting them to hold their fire. Soon afterward, the effects of the Red Kryptonite fade and vanish, and Superman is restored to his normal form (Act No. 303/1: "The Monster from Krypton!").

In March 1964, Superman journeys through the time-space barrier to Krypton with the villain Jax-Ur in hopes of finding a cure for the "ghastly spotted plague" that is sweeping Atlantis (Act No. 310/1: "Secret of Kryptonite Six!").

In July 1964, Superman views a Kryptonian "video-recording" narrated by his father, Jor-El. Originally affixed to the exterior of the rocket that brought the infant Superman to Earth, the video-recording and accompanying "record playback machine" somehow became detached from the rocket after it had entered Earth’s atmosphere and lay on the ocean floor until they were discovered there many years later (Act No. 314: "The Day Superman Became the Flash!"). During this same period, Lex Luthor journeys through the time-space barrier to Krypton at a time predating the marriage of Jor-El and Lara as part of his bizarre scheme to marry Lara himself and thus become the father of Superman (S No. 170/2, Pts. I-II—"If Lex Luthor Were Superman’s Father!"; "The Wedding of Lara and Luthor!").

In December 1964, Superman witnesses the death of the planet Krypton by means of a special "time-space viewer," a superscientific device, given him by the scientists of a distant planet, that "picks up light and sound waves from the past" and thus enables one to view selected historical events (WF No. 146: "Batman, Son of Krypton!" Pts. I-II—no title; "The Destroyer of Krypton!").

In October 1965, Superman matches wits with Jon Smatten, a "renegade scientist" who, having come into possession of a supply of kryptium, Krypton’s "strongest metal," has fashioned the metal into an ingenious robot designed to destroy Superman (Act No. 329/1: "The Ultimate Enemy!") (TGSB).

In April 1968, Superman learns that the destruction of Krypton had been facilitated by the space pirate Black Zero, though this claim comes from Black Zero himself and has never been verified (S No. 205: "The Man Who Destroyed Krypton!").

(See also Krypton-2)

External Links

• Superman Through the Ages Krypton Page
• Jamie Dodds' Kryptonian Calendar of Select Kryptonian Events
• Untold Tales of Krypton
• Wikipedia Entry on Krypton
• Newsarama: Agent of S.T.Y.L.E.--The Fashionable World of Krypton